Vulnerability to Depression (1)
A randomized controlled trial to test the effect of multispecies probiotics on cognitive reactivity to sad mood
Heightened cognitive reactivity to normal, transient changes in sad mood is an established marker of vulnerability to depression and is considered an important target for interventions. This study aimed to test if a multi-species probiotic (Ecologic® Barrier / Bio.Me™ Barrier) may reduce cognitive reactivity in non-depressed individuals.
Twenty healthy participants without a current mood disorder received a 4-week probiotic, while 20 control participants received an inert placebo in this triple-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, pre and post-intervention assessment.
In the pre- and post-intervention assessment, cognitive reactivity to sad mood was assessed using the revised Leiden index of depression sensitivity scale. Compared to participants who received the placebo intervention, participants who received the 4-week multi-species probiotics showed a significantly reduced overall cognitive reactivity to sad mood (p<0.001), which was largely accounted for by reduced rumination (p<0.001) and aggressive thoughts (p<0.01).
These results provide the first evidence that the intake of probiotics may help reduce negative thoughts associated with sad mood.
Working Memory Under Stress (2)
Randomized controlled trial on the effect of probiotics on neurocognition
In a double blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, between-subjects intervention study, 58 healthy participants were tested once before and once after a 28-day intervention with 2g/d Ecologic® Barrier (Bio.Me™ Barrier).
Without stress induction, probiotics did not affect brain, behavioural, or related self-report measures. However, relative to placebo, the probiotics group did show a significant stress-related increase in working memory performance after supplementation (p=0.039). This change was associated with intervention-related neural changes in the frontal cortex during cognitive control exclusively in the probiotics group.
These results show neurocognitive effects of a multi-species probiotic in healthy women only under challenging situations, buffering against the detrimental effects of stress on cognition.
Liver Cirrhosis (3)
Randomised clinical trial: the effects of a multispecies probiotic vs. placebo on innate immune function, bacterial translocation and gut permeability in patients with cirrhosis
In a randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled study, stable cirrhotic out-patients either received a daily dose of a probiotic powder (Ecologic® Barrier / Bio.Me™ Barrier) (n = 44) or a placebo (n = 36) for 6 months and were followed up for another 6 months.
A significant but subclinical increase in neutrophil resting burst (2.6–3.2%, p=0.0134) and neopterin levels (7.7–8.4 nmol/L, p=0.001) was found in the probiotic group, but not with placebo. Probiotic supplementation did not have a significant influence on neutrophil phagocytosis, endotoxin load, gut permeability or inflammatory markers.
Probiotic supplementation significantly increased serum neopterin levels and the production of reactive oxygen species by neutrophils. These findings might explain the beneficial effects of probiotics on immune function. Furthermore, probiotic supplementation may be a well-tolerated method to maintain or even improve liver function in stable cirrhosis. However, its influence on gut barrier function and bacterial translocation in cirrhotic patients is minimal.
Migraine (4)
Migraine prophylaxis with a probiotic
In an uncontrolled observational study of patients whose headache had been classified as migraine (n=1,020; 11.8% male, 88.2% female), 3g probiotics (Ecologic® Barrier / Bio.Me™ Barrier) were given twice daily for 8 weeks.
After 8 weeks of probiotic use, the mean number of days of migraine attacks was reduced by 33% to 1.38 days (p≤0.001). The intensity of the migraines reduced (p≤0.001), and furthermore, the intensity of accompanying symptoms (e.g. nausea, vomiting, photosensitivity, etc.) was reduced by an average of >70% in all symptoms (p<0.001).
Probiotic supplementation had an overall positive effect, and reduced the need for intake of analgesics (p≤0.001); however, further randomised, placebo-controlled studies are required.